The Parisian club has now won the prestigious cup on fourteen separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight Trophee des Champions title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward win in the showdown featuring the French league winners and the French Cup winners after the French winger found the scoring early on.
However, Marseille struck two times late to seize a shock lead. First, the English forward scored from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital equaliser in the final moments to force the contest into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing shootout win.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this competition for the 12th time in the last thirteen years.
